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CRYSTALS-Dilithium

Cryptography

Definition

A NIST-standardized (FIPS 204) post-quantum digital signature algorithm based on lattice cryptography over module lattices, selected as the primary post-quantum signature standard for its strong security and performance characteristics.

Technical Details

Dilithium (now ML-DSA under FIPS 204) provides digital signatures replacing RSA and ECDSA for code signing, certificate authorities, and authentication protocols. Its security rests on the hardness of Module Learning With Errors and the Short Integer Solution problem. Three security levels are available (Dilithium2/3/5), with signature sizes ranging from ~2.4KB to ~4.6KB — larger than classical signatures but acceptable for most use cases.

Practical Usage

Certificate authorities and PKI vendors are integrating Dilithium into hybrid certificate formats that combine classical and post-quantum signatures. Code signing infrastructure must be upgraded before quantum computers threaten existing signatures on long-lived software packages and firmware.

Examples

Related Terms

CRYSTALS-Kyber Lattice-Based Cryptography Post-Quantum Cryptography SPHINCS+ Crypto-Agility
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